Types of database

Topic Outline

  • Types of Database
  • Object-Oriented Database
  • Centralized Database
  • Decentralized Database
  • Distributed Database
  • Hierarchical Database
  • Personal Database
  • Cloud Database
  • Multi-Dimensional Database
  • Operational Database
  • Relational Database

 1:Object-Oriented Database

Object-oriented database stores data in the form of objects. An object is an item that can contain data and functions. For example, an object employee may contain data about an employee such as Employee ID, Name, Address, Phone Number, etc. It may also contain functions to process the data such as printing the record of an employee, calculating salary, etc.

Characteristics

  • The object-oriented data model must be able to provide complex object representation.
  • The object-oriented data model must be extensible. It means it provides support for defining new data types and methods.
  • The object-oriented data model must support encapsulation or information hiding.
  • The object-oriented data model must exhibit inheritance. In a hierarchy relationship, an object inherits from a root object.

Groupware Database

This database is used to store documents such as calendars, manuals, schedules, reports, etc.

Multimedia Database

This database is used to store images, video, audio, etc. For example, a television program station database can store video and audio, etc.

Hypertext Database

This database is used to store text links to other types of documents. Hypermedia database contains text, video, graphics, and audio.

2: Centralized Database

In a centralized database, data is stored at a centralized location. The users can access this data from different locations. The data access and processing take place at the central site. The user accesses a centralized database through a computer network. A centralized database is the ability to access information in one location. In this database, it is easier to organize the information in a single location.

A centralized database is mostly used in colleges, universities, hospitals, banks, organizations, etc. In a centralized database system one computer act as a server for storing the data and the other computer act as a client. The client sent a request to a server and the server will respond to the request. 

Advantages

  • Data Redundancy

Data is stored in one location only, so there is no duplication of data.

  • Data Integrity

Data is unified because it is stored in a single computer system.

  • Data Security

A centralized database is more efficient and secure.

  • Scalability

In a centralized database, new computers can be added and removed more easily.

Disadvantages

  • Less Efficiency

If multiple users try to access toward server at the same time so it creates a problem. 

  • Loss of Data

If any system failure or any data is lost, it is not recovered.

 3: Decentralized Database

Decentralized means there is no central storage. The server provides information to the client because servers are connected with each other. In this type of database, different parts of the database area are spread across multiple servers.

In this type of database system, a database is stored on computers or websites at different locations. The computers are not interconnected through a network, so users at different websites cannot share data with others. A decentralized database is a collection of independent databases.

4: Distributed Database

In this type of database, the database is stored physically across computers or websites at different locations rather than having all information stored on a single device. The computers in this database are connected together by a data communication network. Benefits of distributed database system include better reliability and increased speed.

The distributed database websites may be spread over a large area connected through a WAN (wide area network), or over a small area such as a home, office, campus, or a building connected through a LAN (local area network).

Characteristics of Distributed Database

  • All websites are interconnected.
  • The data at each and every website is controlled by the database management system.
  • The fragments can be replicated.
  • Logically interrelated shared data can be collected.

 Kinds of Distributed Database System

There are two kinds of the distributed database system are as follow.

Homogeneous Distributed Database System

Database systems that run on the same operating system and use the same application process and carry the same hardware devices.

Heterogeneous Distributed Database System

Database systems that run on different operating system under different application procedures and carries different hardware devices. A homogeneous system is easier to design and manage. 

Examples of Distributed Database

Some examples of the distributed database are Apache HBase, Apache ignite, Couchbase Server, Apache Cassandra, etc.

5: Hierarchical Database

In this type of database, data is stored in the form of parent-child relationship nodes. The data is organized in a tree-like structure. Each child record in the tree has contain one parent but parent records have more than one child record. 

6: Personal Database

In this type of database, the data is collected and stored on the user's system. A personal database is basically designed for a single user. A personal database is easy to handle.

7: Cloud Database

In this type of database, the data is stored in a virtual environment. The data is executed over the cloud computing platform. Cloud database is run over the internet. 

Examples

Microsoft Azure, Open Stack, Google Cloud Platform. Amazon Web Service etc.

8: Multi-Dimensional Database

In this type of database, data is stored in dimensions. Multi dimensions database can store more than two dimensions of data. These dimensions are used to access and analyze any view of the data. 

9: Operational Database

This kind of database allows the user to create and modify data in real-time. An operational database is designed for executing and handling the daily data operations in several organizations. 

Example

An organization uses this database for managing daily transactions.

10: Relational Database

In a relational database, data is stored in the form of rows and columns and together forms a relation (table). This database uses SQL for storing and maintaining the data. Each table in the database carries a unique key that makes the data unique from others. This database is very reliable.

Properties of Relational Database

  • Atomicity
  • Consistency
  • Isolation
  • Durability

Examples

MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, etc.

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