Programming languages

 Topic Outline

Programming Languages

  • Low Level language
    • Machine language
    • Assembly language
  • High Level language
    • Procedural language
    • Non Procedural language
    • Object Oriented language

Programming Languages

Definition

A set of words, symbols and codes that are used to write a program is called program language.
Different types of programming languages are available for writing different programs.

Types of Computer Programming Languages

Shape 

(1) Low Level Language

LLL are near to computer hardware and far from human languages. Computer can easily understand the low level language. When user write a program in low level language it requires a deep knowledge of internal structure of computer hardware.

Types of Low Level Languages

 

(a) Machine Language

Definition

A language in which instructions are written in binary form is called Machine language.

Machine language is only language that are directly understood by the computer. Programs that are written in machine language can executed very fast by the computer. Programs that are written in machine language are machine dependent. Writing a program and modifying a program in machine language can takes a lot of time. Machine language is First generation language (1-GL).

(b) Assembly Language

It is a low level language. Assembly language is one step higher than machine language. In this language symbols are used instead of binary code. These symbols are called mnemonics. 

For example

  • ADD instruction is used to addition two numbers. 
  • SUB instruction is used to subtract two numbers. 

In assembly language, it is easier to write a program and modify a program than machine language. Assembly language is mostly used for writing system software. Assembly language is second generation language (2-GL).

(2) High Level Language

Definition

A language that are close to human languages is called high level language.

 This language is easy to understand. In High level language instructions are written in English words such as print, cout, input etc. Programs that are written in High level language is easier to write and modify.

Categories of High Level Languages

 

(a) Procedural Language

This language is known as third generation language (3-GL). In procedural languages, program is a predefined set of instructions. Computer executes the instructions in same order in which these instructions are written. Each instructions tells the computer what to do and how to do. 

Languages

  • FORTRAN

It stands for FORmula TRANslation. This language is used for engineering application.

  • COBOL

It stands for Common Business Oriented Language. This language was developed in early 1960's. This language is basically designed for business application.

  • BASIC

It stands for Beginner All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. This language was created in the late 1960. This language is used for education purpose. Students use this language to solve simple problems.

  • PASCAL

This language name was assigned in the honor of French Mathematician Pascal. It is used for both business applications and scientific applications.

  • C

This is a popular high level language. This language was developed in 1972. C language is also known as middle level language. It provides the facility to write application software and system software.

(b) Non Procedural Language

This language is known as Fourth generation language (4-GL). In this language the user tells the computer what to do. Non technical user use this language to perform a particular task. Non procedural language reduce the coding errors. This language are used in report generation and database applications. 

  • RPG

It stands for Report Program Generator. This language was developed in 1960's. This language is used to generate business reports.

  • SQL

It stands for Structured Query Language. This language was developed by IBM. Structured query language works with database programs like Oracle, MS SQL Server, MS Access etc.

(c) Object Oriented Languages

OOP stands for object oriented programming. It is a technique in which programs are written on the basis of objects. 

Objects:   It is a collection of data and functions. It may represent a person, place or thing in real world.

Languages

  • C++

It is an object oriented language. This language was developed in 1980. C++ is an improved version of C language. C++ language provides the facility to working with objects and classes. It is used to develop different programs.

Example

  • A person can be an example of objects. It has some characteristics that describe what it is.

Age, Color, Name, Religion etc.

  • It also has some functions that are describe what it can do. 

Talk, Sleep, Eat, Smile, Run etc.




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