Types of Operating system

Topic Outline

  • Types of Operating System
    • Stand-alone OS
    • Server OS
    • Mobile OS
    • Batch OS
    • Time-Sharing OS
    • Distributed OS
    • Real-Time Systems

Operating System

An operating system is a software that acts as an interface between computer hardware and the user. The computer system must have at least one operating system to run its program.

Types of operating system

(1) Standalone Operating System

Definition

"An OS that works on a desktop computer is called a stand-alone operating system."

Some stand-alone operating systems can work with a server. Stand-alone operating systems include network capabilities to set up a small network for a small organization or home.

Examples 

  • DOS

It stands for Disk Operating System. It is a single-user OS. Some important commands of DOS are as follows.

    • Copy

                    It used to copy files from one place to another place.

    • DIR

                    It is used to display all files and subdirectories.

    • TIME

                    It used to display time.

    • CD

                    It used to change the directory.

  • UNIX

It is a multitasking operating system. UNIX was developed at Bell Laboratories in the 1970s. Different versions of UNIX are available. Some versions have a command-line interface and most versions have a graphical user interface. Manufacturers such as IBM and Sun sell Personal computers with UNIX OS.

  • Linux

It is a free and multitasking operating system. Linux was developed in 1991. Linux is open-source software. It means the code is available for the general public. Some programmers redistribute code after modifying it to original code. Some versions of Linux use a command-line interface and other versions use a graphical user interface.

  • Chrome OS

It is a Linux-based operating system. The chrome operating system was designed by Google to work with web applications. Applications are available through the Chrome Web Store. The data is stored on Google Drive. 

    • Chromebook

             A specialized laptop that runs the Chrome operating system is called Chromebook.

    • Chromebox

             A specialized desktop that runs the Chrome operating system is called Chromebox.

  • Windows

It is the most widely used operating system. Windows operating system was developed by Microsoft. The window uses a graphical user interface. Some important versions of the window operating system are window 11, window 10, window 8, window 7, window Vista and Window XP.

Each release of windows added new and more features.

(2) Server Operating System

Definition

"An OS that is designed to support a network is called server operating system. The server operating system resides on a server. Clients' computers depend on the server for resources. Server OS is designed to support all sizes of networks and Web servers. 

Examples

Windows Server 2012

It is an upgraded version of server 2008 R2. The primary purpose of windows server 2012 is to ensure that the OS can be optimized for use in small medium and large enterprises.

Solaris

It is a version of the UNIX operating system. Solaris was developed by Sun Microsystems. It is designed for e-commerce applications. It can manage security for Web transactions.

OS X Server

It is the version of Mac OS. It was developed by Apple. OS X Server provides a facility for organizations to share files, collaborate on Mac computers and iOS devices. OS X Server is very easy to install, set up, and manage.

UNIX

It is also used as a server operating system. UNIX server can be used to handle a high volume of transactions in a multiuser environment. UNIX server operating system can work with multiple processors by using multiprocessing. UNIX is a multipurpose operating system because it is both a server and standalone operating system. It is widely used on Web servers. 

Linux

It is also used on a network server. Clients on the network can run Windows, Linux, UNIX, etc. The network administrator can configure the network administer security run a Web server using Linux.

(3) Mobile Operating System

Definition

An operating system that is used in handling computers and mobile devices is called Mobile OS.

The mobile operating system provides a graphical user interface. It also provides different features such as WiFi connectivity, Bluetooth connectivity, navigation systems, speech recognition, email, web browsers, alarm, messages, etc.

Examples

Android

It is a mobile operating system designed by Google. Android is an open-source Linux-based operating system for smartphones. It supports multi-touch and multi-language capabilities. There are different applications available for Android via  Google Play. It allows mobile users to use Google Drive to access and store email, calendar, contact numbers, images, files, etc. 

BlackBerry

It is a proprietary operating system that runs on handled devices. BlackBerry was developed by Research In Motion (RIM). It provides the capabilities of schedules, managing contacts, and appointments. It also provides the facilities of phone, text messages, browsing the web, and sending email messages.



(4) Batch Operating System

In early computers, card readers and tape drives were input devices and line printers and cards punched were output devices. Users cannot interact directly with a computer system. So user made a job that consisted of data and programs then submitted the job to the computer operator in the form of punched card.

In a batch, the operating system user cannot interact with the computer directly. There is an operator in the batch operating system which takes similar jobs and group them into batches.

 

Examples

Bank Statement, Data Entry, and Payroll System, etc.

Advantages

  • Multiple users can share the batch system.
  • In batch systems managing a large job becomes very easy. 
  • The idle time for the batch system is less. 

Disadvantages

  • It is hard to debug the batch system.
  • Batch systems sometimes are costly.

(5) Time Sharing Operating System

It is a multi-process and multi-user system. This system is used when many users are linked to a single computer through communication networks. The Time-sharing system allows multiple users to share computers simultaneously. In this system, the CPU will provide the same period to every process to complete its tasks. The task is complete through time slicing. Task continues until the time slice ends and stops when the given time is finished.

Time-sharing systems use multiprogramming and CPU scheduling to provide each user with a time slice.

  

Examples

Unix

Advantages

  • Each task gets an equal time slice.
  • In the time-sharing system CPU idle time can be reduced.

Disadvantages

In time-sharing system data communication, problems occur. 

Equal opportunity is given to each process, so having a higher priority process will not get the chance to be executed first.

(6) Distributed Operating System

In a distributed system, many computers are interconnected to communicate with each other through a network. Distributed systems are also known as loosely coupled systems. Processors of a distributed system are different in size and function.

The major benefit of a distributed system is that a user can get files that are not present on his computer system but another connected system. Remote access is available to the systems connected to this network.

 

Advantages

  • If one system fails it will not affect the other system because all computers are independent of each other.
  • It provides reliability for different tasks.
  • Each computer in a distributed system can share resources with another computer system that is a part of a distributed system.
  • Distributed systems can grow by adding more computers without affecting the existing users.

Disadvantages

  • If the main network fails, it will lead to the failure of the whole computer system.
  • Setup cost is high in a distributed system. 

(7) Real-Time Systems

The real-time operating system is useful where we required a quick response. If a task does not complete in a specified period, it may cause a breakdown of the complete system it is running. 

Example

Missile systems, robots Air traffic control systems, etc.

Types

  • Hard Real-Time System

This system assures that a task will complete in a specified period. This system is built for saving a life. For example automatic parachutes etc.

  • Soft Real-Time System

This system does not assure that a task will complete in a specified period. If an important real-time task enters the system, the operating system assigns the highest priority to that task and executes it until it completes. This system is used in virtual reality and multimedia etc.

Advantages

  • Time-sharing systems are always error-free.
  • Time sharing system provides the best management of memory allocation.

Disadvantages

  • System resources are expensive.
  • Algorithms used are very complex.


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