Network Protocol

 Topic Outline

  • IP Network
  • Components of IP address
  • IPV4
  • IPV6

IP Network 

An IP network is a communication network that uses Internet Protocol to send and receive messages between one or more computers. IP network is implemented in Internet networks. IP has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the destination host based on the IP addresses in the packet headers.

"An IP address is an identifier for a particular network. IP addresses are also referred to as IP numbers and internet addresses.
Versions of IP networks are IPv4 and IPv6.

IPv4

        Internet Protocol version 4

It is the current TCP/IP addressing technique being used on the Internet. The IP address is written in decimal format.
The 4 decimal numbers in an IP address are called octets, where each decimal number is 8 bit.
IPv4 allows 232 (4294967296) unique addresses to show the network id and which sections how the machine or host id depends on the class network.

Components of IP address

Network ID
It is the number assigned to a network on the internet.

Host ID

It represents the id assigned to a host in the network.
There are Five Classes of IP addresses.

Class A

  • The first byte in a network id (8 bits) and the last 3 bytes are for the host id (24 bits).
  • The first bit is 0.
  • Range of network number 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0
  • Number of possible networks 127(1-126) usable 127 is reserved.
  • Number of possible values in the host portion 16,777,216.
  • It is used for a large network.

Class B

  • The first 2 bytes are a network id(16 bits) and the last 2 bytes are for host id(16 bits).
  • The first 2 bits are "10".
  • Range of network number 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0.
  • Number of possible networks 16,384.
  • Number of possible values in the host portion 65536.
  • It is used for medium-sized networks.

Class C

  • The first 3 bytes are a network id (24 bits) and the last 1 byte is for host id(8 bits).
  • The first 3 bits are 110.
  • Range of network number 192.0.0.0 to 233.255.255.0
  • Number of possible networks 2,097,152
  • Number of possible values in the host portion 256.
  • It is used in local area networks (LAN).

Class D

  • An IP address that belongs to Class D has the first octet has its 4 bit set to 1110.
  • Range of network number 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
  • It is used for Multicasting.

Class E

  • It is reserved for experimental and for future testing purposes.
  • The first 4 bits of 1111.
  • Range of network number 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254.

IPv6

  • IPv6 will make use of a 128 bit IP address.
  • AN IPv6 address is represented as 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits, each group representing 16 bits(2 octets).
  • The groups are separated by a colon(:).
  • Routers do not fragment the packets but send host fragments the packets.
  • Header does not include a checksum.
  • Classes of addressing are unicast, anycast and multicast.
  • IPv6 is better suited to mobile networks.

Types of IPv6 Addresses

(1) Unicast

It is used to identify a single network interface address. In unicast data, packets are sent directly to the computer.

(2) Multicast

It is used for a group of networking devices. In multicast data packets are sent to the entire group of network devices.

(3) Anycast

In anycast IPv6 address is obtained from a list of addresses but only delivered to the nearest node.

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